By Jeffrey Scott Vitter
Info units in huge purposes are usually too enormous to slot thoroughly contained in the computer's inner reminiscence. The ensuing input/output conversation (or I/O) among quickly inner reminiscence and slower exterior reminiscence (such as disks) could be a significant functionality bottleneck. Algorithms and information constructions for exterior reminiscence surveys the state-of-the-art within the layout and research of exterior reminiscence (or EM) algorithms and information buildings, the place the aim is to use locality and parallelism in an effort to decrease the I/O expenses. quite a few EM paradigms are thought of for fixing batched and on-line difficulties successfully in exterior reminiscence. Algorithms and knowledge buildings for exterior reminiscence describes numerous helpful paradigms for the layout and implementation of effective EM algorithms and knowledge buildings. the matter domain names thought of contain sorting, permuting, FFT, clinical computing, computational geometry, graphs, databases, geographic info structures, and textual content and string processing. Algorithms and knowledge buildings for exterior reminiscence is a useful reference for anyone attracted to, or engaging in study within the layout, research, and implementation of algorithms and knowledge constructions.
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Extra info for Algorithms and Data Structures for External Memory (Foundations and Trends(R) in Theoretical Computer Science)
Example text
1 18000 RCD SRD RSD FRD 16000 14000 Frequency 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Memory Used (blocks) 80 90 100 110 Fig. 1 for four methods: RCD (randomized cycling distribution), SRD (simple randomized distribution — striping with a random starting disk), RSD (randomized striping distribution — striping with a random starting disk for each stripe), and FRD (fully randomized distribution — each bucket is independently and randomly assigned to a disk). For these parameters, the performance of RCD and SRD are virtually identical.
There are m output buffers, each capable of storing one block, so the writing can proceed only as quickly as space is freed up in the write buffers. In each parallel I/O step, we free up space by outputting a queued block to each disk that has at least one block in an output buffer. The schedule of I/O output steps is called the output schedule, and it is easy to see that it is optimum in terms of the number of parallel I/O steps required. 6, when read right to left, shows the output schedule for the reverse sequence ΣR .
DeWitt et al. [140] present a randomized distribution sort algorithm in a similar model to handle the case when sorting can be done in two passes. They use a sampling technique to find the partitioning elements and route the items in each bucket to a particular processor. The buckets are sorted individually in the second pass. An even better way to do distribution sort, and deterministically at that, is the BalanceSort method developed by Nodine and Vitter [273]. During the partitioning process, the algorithm keeps track of how evenly each bucket has been distributed so far among the disks.